Repurposing lansoprazole to alleviate metabolic syndrome via PHOSPHO1 inhibition.

Drug repurposing offers an efficient approach to therapeutic development. In this study, our bioinformatic analysis first predicted an association between obesity and lansoprazole (LPZ), a commonly prescribed drug for gastrointestinal ulcers. We went on to show that LPZ treatment increased energy expenditure and alleviated the high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in mice. Treatment with LPZ elicited thermogenic gene expression and mitochondrial respiration in primary adipocytes, and induced cold tolerance in cold-exposed mice, suggesting the activity of LPZ in promoting adipose thermogenesis and energy metabolism. Mechanistically, LPZ is an efficient inhibitor of adipose phosphocholine phosphatase 1 (PHOSPHO1) and produces metabolic benefits in a PHOSPHO1-dependent manner. Our results suggested that LPZ may stimulate adipose thermogenesis by inhibiting the conversion of 2-arachidonoylglycerol-lysophosphatidic acid (2-AG-LPA) to 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and reduce the activity of the thermogenic-suppressive cannabinoid receptor signaling. In summary, we have uncovered a novel therapeutic indication and mechanism of LPZ in managing obesity and its related metabolic syndrome, and identified a potential metabolic basis by which LPZ improves energy metabolism.

Experimental research on the transport-transformation of organic contaminants under the influence of multi-field coupling at a site scale.

Organic-contaminated shallow aquifers have become a global concern of groundwater contamination, yet little is known about the coupled effects of hydrodynamic-thermal-chemical-microbial (HTCM) multi-field on organic contaminant transport and transformation over a short time in aquifers. Therefore, this study proposed a quick and efficient field experimental method for the transport-transformation of contaminants under multi-field coupling to explore the relationship between organic contaminants (total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (BTEX) and phthalates acid esters (PAEs)) and multi-field factors. The results showed that hydrodynamics (affecting pH, p < 0.001) and temperature (affecting dissolved oxygen, pH and HCO3-, p < 0.05) mainly affected the organic contaminants indirectly by influencing the hydrochemistry to regulate redox conditions in the aquifer. The main degradation reactions of the petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH, PAHs and BTEX) and PAEs in the aquifer were sulfate reduction and nitrate reduction, respectively. Furthermore, the organic contamination was directly influenced by microbial communities, whose spatial patterns were shaped by the combined effects of the spatial pattern of hydrochemistry (induced by the organic contamination pressure) and other multi-field factors. Overall, our findings imply that the spatiotemporal patterns of organic contaminants are synergistically regulated by HTCM, with distinct mechanisms for petroleum hydrocarbons and PAEs.

Solid self-emulsifying casein carrier for the improvement on the oral bioavailability of simvastatin.

Simvastatin (SV) is a statin drug that can effectively control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, SV is water-insoluble, and poor oral bioavailability (<5 %). Solid self-emulsifying carrier system is more stable than liquid emulsions, facilitating to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In the present study, a solid self-emulsifying carrier stabilized by casein (Cas-SSE) was successfully used to load SV to improve its solubility in water, by formulation selection and emulsification process optimization. Compared with oral tablets, the release of SV from Cas-SSE was significantly enhanced in artificial intestinal fluid. Furthermore, everted gut sac experiments indicated some water-soluble dispersing agents such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES), were not conducive to drug absorption. Pharmacokinetic studies suggested Cas-SSE without dispersing agent has much higher relative bioavailability (184.1 % of SV and 284.5 % of simvastatin acid) than SV tablet. The present work suggests Cas-SSE is a promising drug delivery platform with good biocompatibility for improving oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

New insights into long-lasting Cr(VI) removal from groundwater using in situ biosulfidated zero-valent iron with sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Sulfidation enhances the reactivity of zero-valent iron (ZVI) for Cr(VI) removal from groundwater. Current sulfidation methods mainly focus on chemical and mechanical sulfidation, and there has been little research on biosulfidation using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and its performance in Cr(VI) removal. Herein, the ability of the SRB-biosulfidated ZVI (SRB-ZVI) system was evaluated and compared with that of the Na2S-sulfidated ZVI system. The SRB-ZVI system forms a thicker and more porous FeSx layer than the Na2S-sulfidated ZVI system, resulting in more sufficient sulfidation of ZVI and a 2.5-times higher Cr(VI) removal rate than that of the Na2S-sulfidated ZVI system. The biosulfidated-ZVI granules and FeSx suspension are the major components of the SRB-ZVI system. The SRB-ZVI system exhibits a long-lasting (11 cycles) Cr(VI) removal performance owing to the regeneration of FeSx. However, the Na2S-sulfidated ZVI system can perform only two Cr(VI) removal cycles. SRB attached to biosulfidated-ZVI can survive in the presence of Cr(VI) because of the protection of the biogenic porous structure, whereas SRB in the suspension is inhibited. After Cr(VI) removal, SRB repopulates in the suspension from biosulfidated-ZVI and produce FeSx, thus providing conditions for subsequent Cr(VI) removal cycles. Overall, the synergistic effect of SRB and ZVI provides a more powerful and environmentally friendly sulfidation method, which has more advantageous for Cr(VI) removal than those of chemical sulfidation. This study provides a visionary in situ remediation strategy for groundwater contamination using ZVI-based technologies.

Effect of Interfacial Action on the Generation and Transformation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Tripolyphosphate-Enhanced Heterogeneous Fe3O4/O2 Systems.

It has been reported that tripolyphosphate (TPP) can enhance the oxygenation of natural Fe(II)-containing minerals to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the molecular structure of the TPP-Fe(II) mineral surface complex and the role of this complex in the generation and transformation of ROS have not been fully characterized. In the present study, a heterogeneous magnetite (Fe3O4)/O2/TPP system was developed for the degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP). The results showed that the addition of TPP significantly accelerated the removal of PNP in the Fe3O4/O2 system and extended the range of effective pH to neutral. Experiments combined with density functional theory calculations revealed that the activation of O2 mainly occurs on the surface of Fe3O4 induced by a structural Fe(II)-TPP complex, where the generated O2•- (intermediate active species) can be rapidly converted into H2O2, and then the •OH generated by the Fenton reaction is released into the solution. This increases the concentration of •OH produced and the efficiency of •OH produced relative to Fe(II) consumed, compared with the homogeneous system. Furthermore, the binding of TPP to the surface of Fe3O4 led to stretching and even cleavage of the Fe-O bonds. Consequently, more Fe(II)/(III) atoms are exposed to the solvation environment and are available for the binding of active O2 and O2•-. This study demonstrates how common iron minerals and O2 in the natural environment can be combined to yield a green remediation technology.

Self-Catalyzed Hydrogenated Carbon Nano-Onions Facilitates Mild Synthesis of Transparent Nano-Polycrystalline Diamond.

Transparent nano-polycrystalline diamond (t-NPD) possesses superior mechanical properties compared to single and traditional polycrystalline diamonds. However, the harsh synthetic conditions significantly limit its synthesis and applications. In this study, a synthesis routine is presented for t-NPD under low pressure and low temperature conditions, 10 GPa, 1600 °C and 15 GPa, 1350 °C similar with the synthesis condition of organic precursor. Self-catalyzed hydrogenated carbon nano-onions (HCNOs) from the combustion of naphthalene enable synthesis under nearly industrial conditions, which are like organic precursor and much lower than that of graphite and other carbon allotropes. This is made possible thanks to the significant impact of hydrogen on the thermodynamics, as it chemically facilitates phase transition. Ubiquitous nanotwinned structures are observed throughout t-NPD due to the high concentration of puckered layers and stacking faults of HCNOs, which impart a Vickers hardness about 140 GPa. This high hardness and optical transparency can be attributed to the nanocrystalline grain size, thin intergranular films, absence of secondary phase and pore-free features. The facile and industrial-scale synthesis of the HCNOs precursor, and mild synthesis conditions make t-NPD suitable for a wide range of potential applications.

3D-printed scaffold harboring copper ions combined with near-infrared irradiation for local therapy of cancer.

Cancer is a major health threat and a leading cause of human death worldwide. Surgical resection is the primary treatment for most cancers; however, some patients develop locoregional recurrence. Here, we developed an in situ cancer therapeutic system aimed to locally treat cancer and prevent postoperative recurrence. A functional scaffold, based on alginate/gelatin and crosslinked with copper ions, was fabricated by 3D printing and showed an excellent photothermal effect under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. The combination of copper ions and NIR effectively killed thyroid cancer cells and patient-derived organoids, indicating a synergetic and broad-spectrum antitumor effect on thyroid cancer through the chemo-photothermal therapy. This implantable stent is designed to provide effective treatment in the vicinity of the tumor site and can be degraded without secondary surgery. The copper-loaded hydrogel scaffold may be a potential candidate for local cancer treatment and pave the way for precise and effective cancer therapy.

Time-varying encounter angle trajectory tracking control of unmanned surface vehicle based on wave modeling.

In this note, a wave simulation method based on the wave spectrum is proposed, and the wave simulation is transformed into external interference to verify the necessity of using variable encounter angle real wave interference. Firstly, A wave simulation method based on wave spectrum and equidistant method is proposed and demonstrated. Secondly, wave modeling is transformed into interference force related to the encounter angle by fully considering the real marine environment. Furthermore, a trajectory tracking controller with variable encounter angles and the actual sea state is designed using the disturbance modeling method. Finally, the necessity and authenticity of considering varying encounter angles and real sea conditions in the motion control of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) are proved by simulation.

Performance Study of Piezoelectric Injection System Based on Finite Element Simulation.

This paper presents a performance prediction method for piezoelectric injection systems, based on finite element simulations. Two indexes representing the system performance are proposed: jetting velocity and droplet diameter. By combining Taguchi's orthogonal array method and finite element simulation (FES), a finite element model of the droplet injection process, with different parameter combinations, was established. The two performance indexes, jetting velocity and droplet diameter, were accurately predicted, and their variation with time were investigated. Finally, the accuracy of the predicted results of the FES model was verified by experiments. The errors of the predicted jetting velocity and droplet diameter were 3.02% and 2.20%, respectively. It is verified that the proposed method has better reliability and robustness than the traditional method.

Preparation and Properties of High-Temperature-Resistant, Lightweight, Flexible Polyimide Foams with Different Diamine Structures.

Polyimide foam (PIF) is a rising star in high-end applications such as aerospace thermal insulation and military sound absorption. However, the basic rule on molecular backbone design and uniform pore formation of PIF still need to be explored. In this work, polyester ammonium salt (PEAS) precursor powders are synthesized between alcoholysis ester of 3, 3', 4, 4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDE) and aromatic diamines with different chain flexibility and conformation symmetry. Then, a standard "stepwise heating" thermo-foaming approach is used to prepare PIF with comprehensive properties. A rational thermo-foaming program is designed based on in situ observation of pore formation during heating. The fabricated PIFs have uniform pore structure, and PIFBTDA-PDA shows the smallest size (147 µm) and narrow distribution. Interestingly, PIFBTDA-PDA also presents a balanced strain recovery rate (SR = 91%) and mechanical robustness (0.051 MPa at 25% strain) and its pore structure maintains regularity after 10 compression-recovery cycles, mainly due to high rigidity of the chains. Furthermore, all the PIFs possess lightweight feature (15-20 kg∙m-3), good heat resistance (Tg at 270-340 °C), thermal stability (T5% at 480-530 °C), thermal insulation properties (λ = 0.046-0.053 W∙m-1K-1 at 20 °C, λ = 0.078-0.089 W∙m-1K-1 at 200 °C), and excellent flame retardancy (LOI > 40%). The reported monomer-mediated pore-structure control strategy can provide guidelines for the preparation of high-performance PIF and its industrial applications.

An integrated untargeted metabolomic approach reveals the quality characteristics of black soybeans from different geographical origins in China.

Black soybeans are extensively planted and consumed in China due to their high nutritional value and numerous health benefits. However, very few is known about the characteristic metabolites of black soybeans from different geographical origins in China. In the present study, 31 black soybean samples were collected from 11 main producing provinces in China. A combined metabolomics approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and gas chromatography coupled to an Orbitrap mass analyzer (GC-orbitrap-MS) was performed for the first time to comprehensively investigate the metabolite variability among the black soybeans from different geographical origins. A total of 48 differential non-volatile metabolites and 14 differential volatile metabolites were identified based on orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) coupled with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Higher procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, malonylated isoflavones, and ß-pinene were observed in Gansu black soybeans. Guangxi black soybeans had higher amounts of linoleic acid and its oxidation products of hexanal and pentane. The black soybeans from Xinjiang and Yunnan were found to have higher delphinidin-derived anthocyanins, gamma-glutamyl peptides, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The characteristic metabolites of black soybeans from other geographical origins were also clarified. This study indicated that the integrated untargeted metabolomic approach can be a powerful tool to provide knowledge for developing specialty black soybeans.

Establishment of papillary thyroid cancer organoid lines from clinical specimens.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a common malignancy of the endocrine system, and its morbidity and mortality are increasing year by year. Traditional two-dimensional culture of cell lines lacks tissue structure and is difficult to reflect the heterogeneity of tumors. The construction of mouse models is inefficient and time-consuming, which is difficult to be applied to individualized treatment on a large scale. Clinically relevant models that recapitulate the biology of their corresponding parental tumors are urgently needed. Based on clinical specimens of PTC, we have successfully established patient-derived organoids by exploring and optimizing the organoid culture system. These organoids have been cultured stably for more than 5 passages and successfully cryopreserved and retried. Histopathological and genome analysis revealed a high consistency of the histological architectures as well as mutational landscapes between the matched tumors and organoids. Here, we present a fully detailed method to derive PTC organoids from clinical specimens. Using this approach, we have developed PTC organoid lines from thyroid cancer samples with a success rate of 77.6% (38/49) until now.

Papillary thyroid cancer organoids harboring BRAFV600E mutation reveal potentially beneficial effects of BRAF inhibitor-based combination therapies.

BACKGROUNDS: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which is often driven by acquired somatic mutations in BRAF genes, is the most common pathologic type of thyroid cancer. PTC has an excellent prognosis after treatment with conventional therapies such as surgical resection, thyroid hormone therapy and adjuvant radioactive iodine therapy. Unfortunately, about 20% of patients develop regional recurrence or distant metastasis, making targeted therapeutics an important treatment option. Current in vitro PTC models are limited in representing the cellular and mutational characteristics of parental tumors. A clinically relevant tool that predicts the efficacy of therapy for individuals is urgently needed. METHODS: Surgically removed PTC tissue samples were dissociated, plated into Matrigel, and cultured to generate organoids. PTC organoids were subsequently subjected to histological analysis, DNA sequencing, and drug sensitivity assays, respectively. RESULTS: We established 9 patient-derived PTC organoid models, 5 of which harbor BRAFV600E mutation. These organoids have been cultured stably for more than 3 months and closely recapitulated the histological architectures as well as mutational landscapes of the respective primary tumors. Drug sensitivity assays of PTC organoid cultures demonstrated the intra- and inter-patient specific drug responses. BRAFV600E inhibitors, vemurafenib and dabrafenib monotherapy was mildly effective in treating BRAFV600E-mutant PTC organoids. Nevertheless, BRAF inhibitors in combination with MEK inhibitors, RTK inhibitors, or chemotherapeutic agents demonstrated improved efficacy compared to BRAF inhibition alone. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that patient-derived PTC organoids may be a powerful research tool to investigate tumor biology and drug responsiveness, thus being useful to validate or discover targeted drug combinations.

A thermosensitive Pickering gel emulsion with a high oil-water ratio for long-term X-ray imaging and permanent embolization of arteries.

Iodized oil has an excellent X-ray imaging effect, but it shows poor embolization performance. When used as an embolic agent, it is easily washed off by the blood flow and eliminated from the body. Therefore, it is essential to use iodized oil in combination with solid embolic agents such as gelatin sponge or to perform multiple embolization procedures to achieve the therapeutic effect. In the present study, a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-acrylic acid (PNCAA) temperature-sensitive nanogel was synthesized by emulsion polymerization; the nanogel was then emulsified with iodized oil to prepare a thermosensitive iodized oil Pickering gel emulsion (TIPE). The oil-water (O/W) ratio of an O/W emulsion system can reach 4 : 6. When injected into the body, TIPE transforms into a nonflowing coagulated state at physiological temperature; the iodized oil is locked in the emulsion structure, thereby achieving local embolization and continuous imaging effects, which not only retain the X-ray imaging effect of the iodized oil but also improve its embolization effect. Subsequently, we further evaluated renal artery embolization in a normal rabbit renal artery model, and the results showed that TIPE shows a long-term conformal embolization performance and excellent long-term X-ray imaging ability.

New insight into enhanced transport of multi-component porous covalent-organic polymers with alkyl chains as injection agents for levofloxacin removal in saturated sand columns.

Levofloxacin (LEV) is prone to be retained in aquifers due to its strong adsorption affinity onto sand, thus posing a threat to groundwater quality. In-situ injection technology for remediating LEV-contaminated soil and groundwater is still challenging owing to the lack of appropriate remedial agents. Herein, two novel multi-component porous covalent-organic polymers (namely, SLEL-1 and SLEL-2) with alkyl chains were constructed through Schiff-base reactions to adsorb LEV from an aqueous solution, in which the kinetics, isotherms, influenced factors were investigated. Plausible adsorption mechanisms were proposed through characterization and experimental analysis, including pore filling effect, π-π electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) interaction, hydrogen bonding force, hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction as well as electrostatic force. In addition, response surface methodology (RSM) revealed the treatment optimization and reciprocal relationship within multi-variables. Furthermore, taking advantage of favorable dispersion and outstanding competitive behavior, SLEL-1 was established as an in-situ adsorptive agent in dynamic saturated columns on a laboratory scale to investigate the removal of LEV from water-bearing stratum. Overall, the findings of this work provided an insight into the fabrication of SLELs as long-term mobile and reusable adsorptive agents for practical in-situ applications in the future.

Thermal Transport Properties of Diamond Phonons by Electric Field.

For the preparation of diamond heat sinks with ultra-high thermal conductivity by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technology, the influence of diamond growth direction and electric field on thermal conductivity is worth exploring. In this work, the phonon and thermal transport properties of diamond in three crystal orientation groups (<100>, <110>, and <111>) were investigated using first-principles calculations by electric field. The results show that the response of the diamond in the three-crystal orientation groups presented an obvious anisotropy under positive and negative electric fields. The electric field can break the symmetry of the diamond lattice, causing the electron density around the C atoms to be segregated with the direction of the electric field. Then the phonon spectrum and the thermodynamic properties of diamond were changed. At the same time, due to the coupling relationship between electrons and phonons, the electric field can affect the phonon group velocity, phonon mean free path, phonon−phonon interaction strength and phonon lifetime of the diamond. In the crystal orientation [111], when the electric field strength is ±0.004 a.u., the thermal conductivity is 2654 and 1283 W·m−1K−1, respectively. The main reason for the change in the thermal conductivity of the diamond lattice caused by the electric field is that the electric field has an acceleration effect on the extranuclear electrons of the C atoms in the diamond. Due to the coupling relationship between the electrons and the phonons, the thermodynamic and phonon properties of the diamond change.

Tissue Engineering Material KLD-12 Polypeptide /TGF-ß1 the Protective Effect and Mechanism of Nanofiber Gel on Early Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common clinical symptom of multifactorial disease. The treatment and expenditure of IDD cause huge economic and psychological harm to patients, and there is no root treatment in the clinic. However, the appearance of tissue engineering materials provides a new idea for the treatment of early IDD. KLD-12 polypeptide material is a new kind of polypeptide scaffold material, which can be used to repair early IDD and TGF-ß1Transforming growth factor-1 plays an important role in the proliferation of Intervertebral disc cells and inhibition of inflammatory response. In order to further understand the tissue engineering material kld-12 polypeptide / TGF-ß1 the biomechanical properties of nanofiber gel, and to clarify tissue engineering material KLD-12 polypeptide TGF-ß1nanofiber gel provides an experimental basis for the protection and mechanism of early IDD. In this paper, tissue engineering material KLD-12 polypeptide /TGF-ß1 is mainly studied as the protective effect and mechanism of nanofiber gel on early IDD. In this paper, through the study of the tissue structure of the intervertebral disc, the composition of the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus and cartilage endplate was studied. The objective was to study the relationship between transforming growth factor TGF-ß1 and IDD and to understand its important role in the proliferation of intervertebral disc cells and inhibition of inflammatory response. In this paper, we studied the molecular basis of IDD, the main reason is the imbalance of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation of Intervertebral disc cells, to understand the structural characteristics of cartilage endplate and the composition of Intervertebral disc fibroblasts. In this study, we studied the cell proliferation activity, the ratio of surviving dead cells, the content of glucosaminoglycans, the content of polyproteoglycan and type II collagen in the gel, and studied the protective effect and mechanism of tissue engineering material KLD-12 polypeptide /TGF-ß1 nanofiber gel on early IDD. The results showed that kld-12 polypeptide / TGF-ß1 was more effective in the proliferation activity of annulus fibrosus cells of nanofiber gel is higher than that of KLD-12 polypeptide/annulus fibroin nanofiber gel. On 2d, the difference in cell proliferation activity was not obvious, KLD-12 polypeptide / TGF- ß 1 the fibrous annulus cell proliferation activity of nanofiber gel was 0.796, and the proliferation activity of KLD-12 polypeptide/annulus fibroin nanofiber gel was 0.786. On the 14d, KLD-12 polypeptide / TGF- ß 1 the fibrous annulus cell proliferation activity of nanofiber gel was 1.204, and the proliferation activity of KLD-12 polypeptide/annulus fibroin nanofiber gel was 1.034.

Study on the effect of Cr(VI) removal by stimulating indigenous microorganisms using molasses.

Molasses have a prominent effect on the bioremediation of Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater. However, its reaction mechanism is not detailed. In this paper, the removal of Cr(VI) with different carbon sources was compared to explore the effect and mechanism of the molasses. The addition of molasses can completely remove 25 mg/L Cr(VI), while the removal efficiency by glucose or emulsified vegetable oil was only 20%. Molasses could rapidly stimulate the reduction of Cr(VI) by indigenous microorganisms and weakened the toxicity on bacteria. The average removal rate of Cr(VI) was 0.42 mg/L·h, 10 times that of glucose system. Compared with glucose, molasses can remediate Cr(VI) at a higher concentration (50 mg/L), and the carbohydrate acted as microbial nutrients. Direct and indirect reduction acted together, the Fe(II) content in the aquifer medium increased from 1.7% to 4.7%. The addition of molasses extract into glucose system could increased the removal rate of Cr(VI) by 2-3 times, and the ions of molasses had no significant effect on the reduction. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectra and electrochemical analysis proved that the molasses contained humic acid-like substances, which had the ability of electron shuttle and improved the reduction rate of Cr(VI). In the process of bioreduction, the composition of molasses changed and the electron transport capacity increased from 104.2 to 446.5 µmol/(g C), but these substances could not be used as electron transport media to continuously enhance the reduction effect. This study is of great significance to fully understand the role and application of molasses.

Effects of airflow rate distribution and nitrobenzene removal in an aquifer with a low-permeability lens during surfactant-enhanced air sparging.

The application of surfactant-enhanced air sparging (SEAS) in heterogeneous aquifers has received increasing attention. In this study, a two-dimensional laboratory visualization device was used to study the migration and distribution mechanism of airflow and the nitrobenzene removal effect in an aquifer with a low-permeability lens during AS and SEAS. Experimental results showed that the surfactant significantly reduced the blocking effect of the geological interface on airflow, and the ΔPe (the air entry pressure difference between the background media and the lens) value of the geological interface decreased from 1.1 kPa to 0.3 kPa when the surfactant concentration was 800 mg/L. When the surfactant injection location was at the center of the lens and the injection volume was 1 PV (pore volume of the lens), part of the airflow entered the lens through its below interface, which clearly improved the nitrobenzene removal inside and above the lens compared with AS remediation. However, when SEAS remediation was 24 h, the surfactant redistribution caused by air sparging resulted in the airflow entering the lens to bypass the lens again, which changed the spatial distribution of airflow rate and was not conducive to the continuous removal of nitrobenzene inside the lens.